The Science of Pain
This chapter covers neurobiological, immunological, genetic and psychosocial mechanisms that contribute to pain.
Neurobiology
Neurons, ion channels, synapses, spinal processing and brain networks involved in pain perception.
Inflammation and Immune System
Role of cytokines, glial cells and neuroimmune interactions in acute and chronic pain.
Genetics and Epigenetics
How genetic variation and epigenetic changes influence pain sensitivity and chronic pain risk.
Psychosocial Factors
Catastrophizing, fear-avoidance, mood, trauma and social determinants of health.
Predictive Processing and Expectation
How the brain uses prior experience and expectations to shape pain perception, including placebo and nocebo effects.