Some groups require tailored assessment and treatment strategies due to physiological, developmental or social factors.
Children: Pediatric Pain
Developmental considerations, communication, assessment tools and family involvement.
Older Adults: Geriatric Pain
Multimorbidity, polypharmacy, frailty and cognitive impairment.
Pregnancy and Postpartum
Safety of treatments and specific pain conditions.
Cognitive Impairment and Communication Barriers
Adapting assessment and management to limited verbal communication.
Cultural and Social Factors
Variation in pain expression, stigma and access to care.