Assessment of Pain

Accurate assessment of pain combines history, examination, standardized measures and, when appropriate, diagnostic tests.

Pain History

Key elements: onset, location, quality, intensity, temporal pattern, aggravating/relieving factors, impact on function and quality of life.

Physical Examination

Inspection, palpation, neurological and musculoskeletal examination tailored to the pain presentation.

Pain Scales and PROMs

VAS, NRS, VRS and condition-specific questionnaires such as BPI, ODI or disease-specific scales.

Diagnostic Tests

Targeted use of imaging, neurophysiology and laboratory tests to support (not replace) clinical reasoning.

Quantitative Sensory Testing

Principles of QST, central sensitization screening and practical limitations.

Psychological Assessment

Use of tools for catastrophizing, depression, anxiety, fear-avoidance and other psychosocial constructs.