Interventional & Surgical Treatments

Interventional procedures and surgery may be considered in selected patients when less invasive measures are insufficient.

Injection Therapies

Epidural injections, nerve blocks and joint injections: indications, techniques and evidence.

Radiofrequency Procedures

Conventional, cooled and pulsed radiofrequency for facet, sacroiliac and other targets.

Neuromodulation

Spinal cord stimulation, DRG stimulation, peripheral nerve stimulation and other neuromodulation techniques, including indications, mechanisms and outcomes.

Surgical Approaches

Decompression, ablative and reconstructive procedures relevant to pain, with a focus on patient selection and realistic expectations.