Non-Pharmacological Treatments

Non-drug interventions are core components of modern pain management and often have the strongest long-term evidence.

Exercise and Physical Therapy

Graded activity, strengthening, flexibility, aerobic training and movement-based approaches.

Pain Neuroscience Education

Helping patients understand pain mechanisms to reduce fear and improve self-management.

Psychological Therapies

CBT, ACT, mindfulness and other evidence-based psychological interventions.

Sleep, Lifestyle and Self-Management

Sleep hygiene, pacing strategies and behavioural interventions.

Complementary and Integrative Approaches

Acupuncture, manual therapies and other modalities, with attention to evidence quality and safety.