Pain in Special Populations

Some groups require tailored assessment and treatment strategies due to physiological, developmental or social factors.

Children

Developmental considerations, communication, assessment tools and family involvement.

Older Adults

Multimorbidity, polypharmacy, frailty and cognitive impairment.

Pregnancy and Postpartum

Safety of treatments and specific pain conditions.

Cognitive Impairment and Communication Barriers

Adapting assessment and management to limited verbal communication.

Cultural and Social Factors

Variation in pain expression, stigma and access to care.